October 2025 is a month of profound spiritual energy in the Hindu calendar, a period where ancient stories come to life in vibrant celebrations of faith, family, and the eternal triumph of light over darkness. This is not merely a collection of holidays but a sacred journey that marks a significant transition. The month begins with the powerful feminine energy of Sharad Navaratri, a nine-night festival honouring the goddess, which culminates in grand victories. It then ushers in the holy month of Kartik, considered the most auspicious time for spiritual practices, and builds towards the dazzling festival of lights, Diwali. This period spans the end of the lunar month of Ashwina and the beginning of the sacred Kartik month, creating a bridge between seasons and spiritual states.1

Table of Contents

Throughout October, a rich tapestry of themes is woven into daily life. We witness the celebration of good over evil in the epic tales of Dussehra, express gratitude for nature’s abundance during Sharad Purnima and Govardhan Puja, and strengthen precious family bonds through heartfelt rituals like Karwa Chauth and Bhai Dooj. The month reaches its luminous peak with Diwali, a five-day extravaganza that illuminates homes and hearts, welcoming prosperity and new beginnings. This guide will walk you through each of these festivals, exploring the stories, rituals, and deep-seated meanings that make October a truly special time in the Hindu faith.

Hindu Festivals in October 2025 at a Glance

DateDayFestival(s)
October 1, 2025WednesdayMaha Navami, Saraswati Balidan, Ayudha Puja, Durga Balidan, Bengal Maha Navami, South Saraswati Puja, Daksha Savarni Manvadi
October 2, 2025ThursdaySaraswati Visarjan, Durga Visarjan, Vijayadashami, Dussehra, Bengal Vijayadashami, Vidyarambham Day, Madhavacharya Jayanti, Mysore Dasara, Budha Jayanti, Gandhi Jayanti
October 3, 2025FridayKashi Bharat Milap, Papankusha Ekadashi
October 4, 2025SaturdayShani Trayodashi, Padmanabha Dwadashi
October 6, 2025MondayKojagara Puja, Sharad Purnima, Ashwina Purnima Vrat, Anvaadhan
October 7, 2025TuesdayValmiki Jayanti, Meerabai Jayanti, Ishti
October 8, 2025WednesdayKartik Begins
October 9, 2025ThursdayAtla Tadde
October 10, 2025FridayKarwa Chauth, Masik Karthigai, Vakratunda Sankashti
October 11, 2025SaturdayRohini Vrat
October 13, 2025MondayAhoi Ashtami, Radha Kund Snan, Kalashtami, Masik Krishna Janmashtami
October 17, 2025FridayGovatsa Dwadashi, Tula Sankranti, Rama Ekadashi
October 18, 2025SaturdayShani Trayodashi, Dhanteras, Yama Deepam, Yama Panchaka Begins, Shani Pradosh Vrat
October 19, 2025SundayKali Chaudas, Hanuman Puja, Masik Shivaratri
October 20, 2025MondayLakshami Puja, Narak Chaturdashi, Kedar Gauri Vrat, Tamil Deepavali, Diwali, Chopda Puja, Sharda Puja, Kali Puja, Deepamalika, Kamala Jayanti
October 21, 2025TuesdayDarsha Amavasya, Anvadhan, Kartika Amavasya
October 22, 2025WednesdayGovardhan Puja, Annakut, Bali Pratipada, Dyuta Krida, Gujarati New Year, Ishti
October 23, 2025ThursdayBhaiya Dooj, Yama Dwitiya, Chitragupta Puja, Chandra Darshan
October 25, 2025SaturdayNagula Chavithi, Vinayaka Chaturthi
October 26, 2025SundayLabh Panchami
October 27, 2025MondaySoora Samharam, Chhath Puja, Skanda Sashti
October 29, 2025WednesdayJalaram Bapa Jayanti, Kartika Ashtahnika Begins
October 30, 2025ThursdayGopaashtami, Masik Durgashtami
October 31, 2025FridayAkshaya Navami, Jagaddhatri Puja, Sata Yuga

Part 1: The Triumph of Good – The Conclusion of Sharad Navaratri

The beginning of October is charged with the divine energy of Sharad Navaratri, the great nine-night festival dedicated to the universal feminine power, or Shakti. These final days are a crescendo of devotion, culminating in a nationwide celebration of the victory of righteousness over evil.

Maha Navami (1 October, Wednesday): The Apex of Nine Nights

Maha Navami is the ninth and final day of Navaratri worship, a day of peak spiritual power before the victory celebrations of the following day.4 It marks the culmination of nine days of fasting, prayer, and devotion to the nine forms of Goddess Durga, and on this day, all the energies invoked over the festival reach their zenith.4

Worshipping Maa Siddhidatri

The focus of worship on Maha Navami is Maa Siddhidatri, the ninth and final form of Goddess Durga. Her name is a combination of “Siddhi,” meaning supernatural power or perfection, and “Datri,” meaning giver.7 She is the one who bestows all forms of perfection and spiritual abilities. Depicted seated gracefully on a lotus, she has four arms holding a mace, a discus (

chakra), a conch, and a lotus flower. Worshipping her is believed to bless devotees with wealth, good health, spiritual enlightenment, and protection from all harm.7 The auspicious colour associated with her on this day is a gentle pink, representing harmony and affection.5

The Sacred Ritual of Kanya Pujan

One of the most beautiful rituals of Maha Navami is Kanya Pujan, the worship of young girls. This practice stems from the belief that young girls, particularly those who have not yet reached puberty, are the purest earthly manifestations of the divine feminine energy of the Goddess.4 Families invite nine girls, typically between the ages of three and ten, into their homes. The ritual is performed with great reverence: their feet are washed, a

tilak (a sacred mark) is applied to their foreheads, and a red thread (mauli) is tied around their wrists. They are then served a special meal, traditionally consisting of halwa (a sweet semolina pudding), poori (fried bread), and chane (spiced chickpeas). After the meal, the girls are given gifts, money (dakshina), and other tokens of respect before the hosts touch their feet to seek their blessings.5

Ayudha Puja: The Veneration of Tools

Celebrated on the same day, particularly in South India, is Ayudha Puja, which translates to “worship of implements”.8 This fascinating ritual extends the concept of divinity into the everyday tools and instruments that shape our lives. On this day, everything from traditional weapons and farming equipment to office supplies, vehicles, and even modern gadgets like computers and laptops are cleaned, decorated with flowers and sandalwood paste, and worshipped.8 This act of veneration is a gesture of gratitude, honouring the instruments of our livelihood as extensions of divine power and skill. The puja invokes the blessings of three principal goddesses: Saraswati for knowledge, Lakshmi for wealth, and Parvati for power.9

The Story of Ayudha Puja

The tradition of Ayudha Puja is rooted in two powerful legends. The most widely known story is connected to Goddess Durga’s epic battle with the demon Mahishasura. After her victory on the ninth day, the weapons lent to her by the gods were laid down and worshipped in gratitude for their role in restoring dharma.8 Another legend comes from the epic Mahabharata. It is said that the Pandava brothers, before going into their final year of exile in disguise, hid their divine weapons in a Shami tree. They retrieved them on Vijayadashami, the day after Ayudha Puja, worshipping them before heading into the victorious battle of Kurukshetra.12

Saraswati and Durga Balidan: The Symbolic Offering

Maha Navami also involves the rituals of Saraswati Balidan and Durga Balidan. The term Balidan can be misleading, as it does not refer to a literal animal sacrifice in most modern practices. Instead, it is a symbolic offering (bali) of complete surrender and devotion to the goddesses.14 It serves as a farewell ritual, marking the conclusion of their worship for the year. Devotees offer a whole coconut, known as

Poornaphala (“the complete fruit”), or sometimes a white pumpkin or sugarcane into a sacred fire (havan). This act signifies the offering of one’s ego at the feet of the divine, a final gesture of reverence for Goddess Saraswati, the patron of knowledge, and Goddess Durga, the supreme protector.14

The convergence of these distinct rituals on a single day offers a profound look into the Hindu worldview. The worship of Maa Siddhidatri honours the ultimate, transcendent source of all power and perfection. Following this, Ayudha Puja sanctifies the very tools and instruments through which human beings channel that power into skill, creativity, and livelihood. Finally, Kanya Pujan brings this divinity down to earth, recognising the sacred in its purest human form. This sequence suggests that human potential and the material world are not separate from the spiritual; rather, they are blessed and activated by divine grace. Maha Navami beautifully illustrates the idea of immanent divinity, where the sacred is found not just in a distant heaven but in our work, our tools, and in each other.

Daksha Savarni Manvadi

In the vast timescale of Hindu cosmology, time is cyclical, divided into great ages called Manvantaras, each presided over by a Manu. Maha Navami also marks Daksha Savarni Manvadi, the beginning of the cosmic age ruled by the ninth Manu, Daksha-Savarni. This observance serves as a reminder of the universe’s endless cycles of creation and renewal.18

Vijayadashami (2 October, Thursday): A Nationwide Celebration of Victory

Following the intense devotion of Maha Navami comes Vijayadashami, the “Tenth Day of Victory.” This is one of India’s most widely celebrated festivals, marking the triumphant conclusion of both Navaratri and Durga Puja.21 It is a day dedicated to celebrating the victory of

dharma (righteousness) over adharma (evil), a theme embodied in two of Hinduism’s greatest epic narratives.23

Dussehra: The Defeat of Ravana by Lord Rama

The most famous story associated with this day is from the epic Ramayana. Dussehra commemorates the victory of Lord Rama, the seventh avatar of Vishnu, over the ten-headed demon king of Lanka, Ravana, who had abducted Rama’s wife, Sita.21 The festival is celebrated with dramatic enactments of the Ramayana, known as

Ramlila, which are performed in towns and villages across North India for several nights leading up to Dussehra. The celebration culminates in the evening with the burning of colossal effigies of Ravana, his brother Kumbhakarna, and his son Meghnad. This fiery spectacle is more than just a celebration; it is a powerful symbolic act of destroying arrogance, ego, injustice, and evil, cleansing the community as the effigies turn to ash.21

The Victory of Goddess Durga

The second major legend of Vijayadashami is directly linked to the preceding nine nights of Navaratri. It is on this tenth day that Goddess Durga achieved her ultimate victory over the shape-shifting buffalo demon, Mahishasura, after a fierce nine-day battle.21 This victory restored peace and order to the cosmos and reaffirmed the power of the divine feminine to conquer even the most formidable of evils. Thus, Vijayadashami is the grand finale of the Durga Puja festival, celebrating her as the supreme protector of the universe.6

Rituals of Farewell: Visarjan

Vijayadashami is also a day of heartfelt farewells, marked by the ritual of Visarjan, or immersion. The term Visarjan translates to a respectful request for the deity’s departure, performed with the joyous understanding that they will return the following year.26

  • Durga Visarjan: In communities that celebrate Durga Puja, the beautifully crafted idols of Goddess Durga are carried in grand processions to nearby rivers or water bodies.29 Accompanied by music, drumming, and dancing, the idols are ceremoniously immersed in the water, symbolising the Goddess’s return to her celestial home on Mount Kailash with her husband, Lord Shiva.27
  • Saraswati Visarjan: Similarly, the worship of Goddess Saraswati, which began during Navaratri, concludes on this day. Her idols are also immersed, or the rituals are formally concluded, in a final act of reverence and farewell.26

Regional Celebrations

While the theme of victory is universal, Vijayadashami is celebrated with unique regional flavours.

  • Bengal Vijayadashami: In West Bengal, the day is filled with a beautiful mix of joy and sorrow. The highlight is Sindoor Khela (“vermilion game”), a cherished tradition where married women, typically dressed in white and red saris, offer sweets and apply vermilion (sindoor) to the forehead and feet of the Goddess Durga idol.30 They then playfully smear the vermilion on each other’s faces, celebrating their marital status and praying for their families’ well-being.34 This ritual is both a joyous celebration of sisterhood and an emotional farewell, as the Goddess is seen as a beloved daughter leaving her parental home to return to her husband.34
  • Mysore Dasara: The city of Mysore in Karnataka hosts one of the world’s most spectacular Dasara celebrations, a tradition dating back to the 17th-century Wadiyar dynasty.37 The grand finale is the
    Jamboo Savari, a majestic procession through the city streets.38 The main attraction is a magnificently decorated elephant carrying the
    Golden Howdah, an ornate seat weighing 750 kg made of pure gold, which holds the idol of the city’s patron deity, Goddess Chamundeshwari.37 The procession also features colourful floats, dance troupes, and music bands, culminating in a Torchlight Parade in the evening.38

The celebration of victory on Vijayadashami is not merely a conclusion but a powerful catalyst for new beginnings. The triumph over evil forces is seen as creating a purified and auspicious cosmic environment, a spiritually clean slate that is ideal for embarking on positive new ventures.39 This belief is beautifully reflected in the tradition of Vidyarambham.

Vidyarambham Day

Especially in South Indian states like Kerala and Karnataka, Vijayadashami is considered the most auspicious day for Vidyarambham, which means “the beginning of knowledge”.17 On this day, young children aged two to five are formally introduced to the world of learning. A parent or elder helps the child write their first letters, often in a tray of rice grains, invoking the blessings of Goddess Saraswati for a successful educational journey.39

Honouring Gurus and Leaders

Vijayadashami is also a day to honour great teachers and figures.

  • Madhavacharya Jayanti: This day marks the birth anniversary of Sri Madhvacharya, a highly influential 13th-century philosopher and saint.45 He was the chief proponent of the
    Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta philosophy, which posits a fundamental and eternal difference between the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality, God (Brahman, identified as Vishnu).46
  • Budha Jayanti & Gandhi Jayanti: In 2025, this day also coincides with the birth anniversary of Gautama Buddha, who is considered the ninth incarnation of Lord Vishnu in some Hindu traditions.48 Furthermore, 2nd October is a national holiday in India, celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti, marking the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation.21

Post-Victory Celebrations (3-4 October)

The festive spirit continues in the days immediately following Vijayadashami with celebrations that reinforce themes of family, devotion, and spiritual cleansing.

Kashi Bharat Milap (3 October, Friday)

A day after Dussehra, the ancient city of Varanasi, also known as Kashi, hosts the unique festival of Bharat Milap.49 This event commemorates the deeply emotional reunion of Lord Rama with his younger brother Bharat after Rama’s 14-year exile, as narrated in the Ramayana.49 Bharat, who had ruled the kingdom of Ayodhya in Rama’s name, patiently awaited his return. The festival, which features a grand procession attended by the Kashi Naresh (the titular king of Varanasi), serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of familial love, loyalty, and devotion.51

Papankusha Ekadashi (3 October, Friday)

This day also marks Papankusha Ekadashi, observed on the eleventh day of the bright half of the Ashwina month. The name itself reveals its significance: Pap (sins) and Ankusha (a goad or tool for control), meaning “the day that destroys sins with a goad”.53 Devotees observe a fast and worship Lord Padmanabha, a form of Lord Vishnu, to cleanse themselves of accumulated negative karma and pray for health, wealth, and spiritual progress.53 The scriptures tell the story of a cruel hunter named Krodhana who lived a life of sin. Fearing his fate after death, he sought the guidance of a sage, who advised him to observe the Papankusha Ekadashi fast. By doing so with sincere devotion, Krodhana was absolved of all his sins and attained salvation, illustrating the power of this sacred day.55

Padmanabha Dwadashi (4 October, Saturday)

The day after Ekadashi is Dwadashi, and the worship of Lord Vishnu in his Padmanabha form continues. Devotees who observed the fast on Ekadashi break it on this day after morning prayers. It is a day for reciting sacred texts like the Vishnu Sahasranama (the thousand names of Vishnu) and praying for liberation from the cycle of birth and death, known as moksha.56

Shani Trayodashi (4 October, Saturday)

When the thirteenth lunar day, or Trayodashi, falls on a Saturday (Shanivar), it is known as Shani Trayodashi. This alignment is considered a particularly powerful time to worship Lord Shani (the planetary deity Saturn), who governs karma, discipline, and justice.57 Devotees observe fasts, offer sesame oil to Shani idols, and perform acts of charity, especially for the poor, elderly, and disabled. These rituals are believed to appease Lord Shani and mitigate the challenges and obstacles in one’s life, bringing relief from long-standing difficulties.57

Part 2: The Harvest Moon and Devotional Observances

As the energy of victory settles, the focus shifts to the full moon of the Ashwina month. This is a time of serene beauty, celebrating the end of the monsoon, the abundance of the harvest, and the intoxicating nature of divine love.

The Luminous Full Moon of Ashwina (6-7 October)

The full moon night in the Hindu month of Ashwina is one of the most celebrated of the year. It is known by several enchanting names—Sharad Purnima, Kojagara Purnima, and Raas Purnima—each highlighting a different facet of its significance.58 Occurring at the peak of autumn (

Sharad), it marks the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the harvest, filling the atmosphere with a sense of peace and plenty.58

Sharad Purnima (6 October, Monday): The Night of Sixteen Kalas

On Sharad Purnima, the moon is believed to be not only closest to the Earth but also to shine with all its sixteen celestial virtues or phases, known as kalas.58 In Hindu philosophy, these

kalas represent the qualities that constitute a perfect personality. It is said that Lord Krishna was the only divine incarnation born with all sixteen kalas, making him a Purnavatara, or a complete manifestation of the divine.58 This celestial perfection makes the night spiritually potent, ideal for healing, cleansing, and spiritual growth.

The Healing Nectar: Moonlight Kheer

The most cherished tradition of Sharad Purnima is the preparation of kheer, a sweet pudding made with rice and milk. This delicacy is left in an open vessel under the moonlight for the entire night.58 It is believed that the moon’s rays on this particular night are imbued with

Amrit, the divine nectar of immortality, which has powerful healing and nourishing properties.58 The next morning, this moon-charged

kheer is shared among family and friends as prasad (a blessed offering), believed to bestow good health and vitality for the year ahead.59

Kojagara Puja (6 October, Monday): The Night Vigil for Lakshmi

This night is also known as Kojagara Purnima, and it is dedicated to the worship of Goddess Lakshmi, the bestower of wealth and prosperity. The name Kojagara originates from the Sanskrit question, “Ko Jagarti?” which means, “Who is awake?”.58 According to legend, Goddess Lakshmi descends to Earth on this night, moving from house to house and blessing those devotees she finds awake and keeping a vigil in her honour.58 To welcome her, families clean their homes, decorate their doorways with beautiful

alpanas (rice-flour drawings), and light lamps to illuminate the night, spending the hours singing devotional songs and chanting prayers.59

Raas Purnima: The Divine Dance of Love

In the Vaishnava tradition, Sharad Purnima is celebrated as Raas Purnima, the night when Lord Krishna performed the legendary Maha-Raas. As the story goes, on this enchanting moonlit night in Vrindavan, Krishna played his divine flute. The melody was so captivating that the gopis (cow-herding maidens), overcome with pure love and devotion, left their homes and families to join him in the forest. There, Krishna miraculously multiplied himself so that each gopi felt she was dancing with him alone. This divine circular dance, a symbol of the soul’s ecstatic union with the divine, lasted the entire night and represents the pinnacle of spiritual love and devotion.58

Ashwina Purnima Vrat (6 October, Monday)

Many devotees, especially women, observe a fast, or vrat, on this day for the well-being and prosperity of their families.58 A traditional story illustrates the importance of observing the fast with full devotion. It tells of a trader who had two daughters. The elder daughter observed the Purnima fast with all its prescribed rituals, while the younger one did so neglectfully. As a result, the elder daughter was blessed with healthy children, but the younger daughter’s children did not survive. It was only through the pious touch of her elder sister, whose spiritual merit was earned from her sincere fasting, that the younger sister’s child was brought back to life. This story has been passed down through generations to emphasize the power of wholehearted devotion.58

The cluster of festivals and beliefs surrounding Sharad Purnima reveals a deep, holistic connection between the cosmos, divinity, and human well-being. The moon on this night is not just a passive backdrop but an active participant. Its perfect celestial alignment is seen as a channel for divine energy to flow to the Earth—spiritual energy in the form of Goddess Lakshmi’s blessings, and physical, healing energy from the moon’s nectar-like rays. The rituals, like preparing moonlight kheer and keeping a night vigil, are designed to capture and internalise this unique cosmic energy. This worldview, where astronomy, spirituality, and even health practices like Ayurveda are seamlessly interwoven, teaches that aligning our lives with nature’s cycles is a key to achieving both spiritual and physical harmony.60

Anvaadhan (6 October, Monday)

On the evening of the full moon, some also observe Anvaadhan. This is a Vedic fire ritual, or Yajna, whose name means “adding fuel.” It involves making offerings to a sacred fire to ensure it keeps burning, symbolizing the continuous nourishment of our spiritual connection. The ritual is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is often accompanied by a fast.67

A Tribute to Saints and Sages (7 October, Tuesday)

The day following the full moon is dedicated to honouring two of India’s most revered poet-saints, whose lives and works have shaped the spiritual landscape for centuries.

Valmiki Jayanti

This day celebrates the birth anniversary of Maharishi Valmiki, who is honoured as the Adi Kavi, or the first poet, of Sanskrit literature.70 He is the celebrated author of the epic Ramayana, a cornerstone of Hindu scripture and culture. Valmiki’s own life is a powerful story of transformation. According to legend, he was born as Ratnakar, a highway robber who would loot and harm travellers. His life changed forever when he encountered the divine sage Narada, who made him realise the gravity of his sins. Filled with remorse, Ratnakar began to meditate and chant the name of Rama with such intense devotion that an anthill grew over him. He emerged from it as the enlightened sage Valmiki. His story is a timeless testament to the power of redemption and the belief that anyone, regardless of their past, can achieve spiritual awakening through sincere devotion.70

Meerabai Jayanti

Also celebrated on this day is the birth anniversary of Meerabai, the 16th-century Rajput princess who became one of the most beloved saint-poetesses of the Bhakti movement.72 Born into royalty and married into a powerful kingdom, Meera renounced worldly comforts and defied social conventions to dedicate her life to the worship of Lord Krishna, whom she regarded as her divine husband.72 She expressed her intense love and longing for him through hundreds of soulful devotional songs, or

bhajans, which are sung across India to this day. Her life of unwavering faith, despite facing persecution from her own family, continues to inspire millions to follow their spiritual path with courage and conviction.72

Ishti

The day after Purnima is also a time for the Vedic ritual of Ishti. The word ishti means “desire” or “wish,” and this fire sacrifice is performed to seek the fulfilment of specific prayers from the gods.75 It is a structured way of making offerings to the divine, typically Lord Vishnu, to ask for blessings such as health, prosperity, or success in new ventures.67

Part 3: The Dawn of Kartik – A Month of Sacred Fasts

With the passing of the Ashwina full moon, the Hindu calendar transitions into its most sacred month, Kartik. This period is dedicated to intense spiritual practice, and its first half is marked by a series of fasts observed primarily by women, who act as the spiritual guardians of their families.

The Beginning of the Holy Month (8 October, Wednesday)

Kartik Begins

The eighth month of the Hindu lunar calendar, Kartik, is considered the holiest month of the year.3 Also known as the Damodar month because of its special connection to a childhood pastime of Lord Krishna, it is believed to be exceptionally dear to Lord Vishnu.3 Scriptures like the Padma Purana and Skanda Purana state that any spiritual activity—be it fasting, prayer, charity, or scripture reading—performed during Kartik yields magnified and manifold benefits.3 Devotees often take a vow (

vrat) to follow specific practices for the entire month, such as lighting lamps (deep daan) daily at a temple or near a Tulsi plant, offering Tulsi leaves to Vishnu, observing fasts, and engaging in selfless service (seva).3

Fasts for Family and Fortune (9-13 October)

The beginning of Kartik is characterized by a series of fasts where women undertake personal austerities for the well-being of their loved ones. These rituals highlight a profound socio-spiritual theme where a woman’s devotion and sacrifice are believed to generate a protective energy that shields her husband and children from harm. Her personal discipline is seen as having a direct, positive impact on her family, positioning her as an active spiritual agent responsible for their welfare.

Atla Tadde (9 October, Thursday)

Celebrated by Telugu-speaking women, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Atla Tadde is a vibrant festival that is the regional equivalent of Karwa Chauth.80 Married women fast for the long life and health of their husbands, while unmarried girls observe it in the hope of finding a good partner.80 The day is filled with joyous rituals. Women apply intricate henna designs (

gorintaku) on their hands the evening before. On the day of the festival, they eat a pre-dawn meal and then fast. A special feature of the day is playing on swings (uyyala) while singing traditional folk songs. In the evening, after sighting the moon, they break their fast by eating atlu, which are small, specially prepared dosas.80

Karwa Chauth (10 October, Friday)

One of the most well-known fasts in North India, Karwa Chauth is a testament to marital devotion.83 On this day, married women observe a strict

nirjala vrat—a fast without any food or even a drop of water—from sunrise until moonrise.83 They undertake this rigorous austerity to pray for the safety, longevity, and prosperity of their husbands. The day begins before sunrise with

Sargi, a special meal of sweets and savouries sent by the mother-in-law. In the evening, women dress in their finest clothes, often their wedding attire, and gather to perform a group puja, where they listen to the vrat katha (the story of the fast). The fast is broken only after the moon becomes visible. The wife first views the moon through a sieve, then looks at her husband’s face through the same sieve, and he then offers her the first sip of water and bite of food.83

Ahoi Ashtami (13 October, Monday)

Just as Karwa Chauth is for husbands, Ahoi Ashtami is a fast observed by mothers for the well-being, happiness, and long life of their children.85 Falling on the eighth day of the dark fortnight of Kartik, mothers fast from dawn until dusk. They break their fast only after sighting the stars in the evening sky. A special puja is performed where an image of Ahoi Mata is drawn on a wall, and stories of her compassion are narrated.

Radha Kund Snan (13 October, Monday)

On the same night as Ahoi Ashtami, a very special ritual takes place at Radha Kund, a sacred pond in Vrindavan. It is believed that couples who are unable to have children can receive the blessing of a child if they take a holy dip together in the pond precisely at midnight. Thousands of couples flock to this holy site with immense faith to perform this ritual.

Monthly Cycles of Devotion

This period is also punctuated by several monthly festivals, which serve as regular reminders for devotees to reconnect with their spiritual practices.

  • Masik Karthigai (10 October): A monthly festival celebrated in Tamil Nadu, where lamps are lit in homes and temples to honour Lord Shiva and his son, Lord Murugan. The festival is observed when the moon is in alignment with the Krittika Nakshatra (the Pleiades star cluster).86
  • Vakratunda Sankashti Chaturthi (10 October): This is the monthly fast dedicated to Lord Ganesha, the remover of obstacles. It is observed on the fourth day of the dark half of the lunar month (Krishna Paksha). Devotees fast throughout the day and break it only after sighting the moon at night.90
  • Rohini Vrat (11 October): This is a fast observed primarily by women in the Jain community. It is undertaken when the Rohini Nakshatra is in the sky, and women pray for the long and prosperous life of their husbands.94
  • Kalashtami & Masik Krishna Janmashtami (13 October): These are monthly observances dedicated to Lord Bhairav, a fierce form of Shiva, and the birth of Lord Krishna, respectively.

Part 4: Deepavali – The Grand Five-Day Festival of Lights

As the month of Kartik progresses, the atmosphere builds towards its grand crescendo: Deepavali, or Diwali, the spectacular five-day festival of lights. This is more than just a single day of celebration; it is a profound spiritual journey that guides one from acknowledging life’s deepest shadows to embracing the most brilliant light. The festival is a multi-layered narrative about crossing thresholds—from darkness to light, old to new, and even from death to life.

The Prelude to Diwali (17-19 October)

The days leading up to the main night of Diwali are filled with rituals that prepare the home and soul for the arrival of light and prosperity.

  • Govatsa Dwadashi (17 October): For many, the Diwali festivities begin with Govatsa Dwadashi, a day dedicated to worshipping cows and their calves. The cow is revered as a sacred, mother-like figure in Hinduism, and this ritual is a mark of gratitude for all that she provides.
  • Tula Sankranti (17 October): This day marks a significant solar event in Hindu astrology: the sun’s transition into the zodiac sign of Libra (Tula).
  • Rama Ekadashi (17 October): This Ekadashi fast, falling in the dark fortnight of Kartik, is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi. It is believed that observing this fast with devotion can wash away even the gravest of sins.85
  • Dhanteras (18 October): The first official day of the five-day festival is Dhanteras, or Dhantrayodashi.97 The day has a dual significance. Firstly, it celebrates the emergence of Lord Dhanvantari, the divine physician and an incarnation of Vishnu, from the great cosmic ocean during the
    Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean). He appeared holding a pot of Amrit (the nectar of immortality), and thus, Dhanteras is a day to pray for good health and well-being.97 Secondly, it is a day to worship Lord Kuber, the celestial treasurer, and Goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. In preparation, homes are meticulously cleaned and decorated, and it is a very popular tradition to purchase new items, especially kitchen utensils, gold, or silver, as this is believed to bring good luck and prosperity into the home.98
  • Yama Deepam (18 October): A unique and poignant ritual performed on the evening of Dhanteras is the lighting of the Yama Deepam. A single lamp, often made of flour and with four wicks, is lit and placed outside the main entrance of the home, facing south—the direction associated with Lord Yama, the god of death.98 This offering is not made out of fear, but out of respect, to appease Yama and request him to protect the family from untimely death.97 The tradition is linked to the story of King Hima’s young son, who was destined to die from a snakebite on this very night. His clever wife, however, prevented the serpent (Yama in disguise) from entering his chamber by piling up all her glittering jewellery and coins at the doorway and lighting innumerable lamps. The blinding light and her singing kept the serpent mesmerised until morning, thus saving her husband’s life.97 This ritual also marks the beginning of Yama Panchaka, a five-day period dedicated to honouring Yama.
  • Shani Pradosh Vrat (18 October): This day also sees the auspicious alignment of a Trayodashi (13th day) with a Saturday, making it a Shani Pradosh Vrat. It is a powerful day for fasting and worshipping Lord Shiva to seek blessings and mitigate the influence of Shani (Saturn).100
  • Narak Chaturdashi / Kali Chaudas (19 October): The second day of Diwali is known as Narak Chaturdashi or, more popularly, Choti Diwali (Small Diwali).102 It celebrates the victory of Lord Krishna, who, accompanied by his wife Satyabhama, defeated the demon Narakasura and liberated 16,000 princesses he held captive.102 In western states like Gujarat and Rajasthan, this day is known as Kali Chaudas and is dedicated to worshipping the fierce Goddess Kali. It is believed to be the ideal night to drive away evil spirits, laziness, and all negativity.104 A key ritual is the pre-dawn oil bath, or
    Abhyanga Snan, which is believed to cleanse the body and soul, protecting one from misfortune.103 On this day, Lord Hanuman is also worshipped with offerings of oil and flowers to seek his powerful protection against all evils.103

Lakshmi Puja (20 October, Monday): The Radiant Heart of Diwali

This is the most important day of the five-day festival, the true heart of Diwali. It is celebrated on the new moon night (Amavasya) of the Kartik month, the darkest night of the year, which is transformed into the brightest with the light of millions of lamps.105

Deepamalika: The Garland of Lamps

The very name of the festival, Deepavali, is derived from the Sanskrit words deepa (lamp) and avali (a row), meaning “a row of lights”.107 In the 9th-century text

Kavyamimamsa, this tradition is beautifully referred to as Deepamalika, a “garland of lamps”.107 On this evening, every home, courtyard, and pathway is illuminated with rows of earthen lamps, or

diyas, candles, and colourful lights. This act is not merely decorative; it is a deeply symbolic gesture of dispelling spiritual darkness, ignorance, and negativity, and welcoming the light of knowledge, purity, and the presence of Goddess Lakshmi into one’s life.105

Lakshmi Puja Rituals

In the evening, families gather to perform the Lakshmi Puja, the main ritual of Diwali. A sacred space is prepared, and idols or images of Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi are worshipped. The puja begins with prayers to Lord Ganesha, the remover of all obstacles, because his blessings are sought before any new beginning.106 Following this, Goddess Lakshmi, the bestower of wealth and prosperity, is invoked and worshipped with offerings of flowers (especially the lotus), sweets, fruits, and puffed rice. Many also worship Goddess Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, alongside them, signifying that wealth is most valuable when accompanied by wisdom.106

Chopda Puja and Sharda Puja

For the business community, particularly in Gujarat, Diwali marks the end of the financial year and the beginning of a new one. On this night, they perform Chopda Puja, the ritualistic worship of their new account books and ledgers.108 They inscribe the auspicious words “

Shubh” (auspicious) and “Labh” (profit) on the first page, seeking blessings from Lakshmi and Ganesha for a prosperous year ahead.109 On the same night, many families, especially students, perform

Sharda Puja, the worship of books and instruments of learning. This is a prayer to Goddess Saraswati (also known as Sharda), asking for her blessings of knowledge and wisdom.110

Kali Puja

While most of India worships Goddess Lakshmi on Diwali, in eastern states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam, the night is dedicated to the worship of Goddess Kali, the fierce and powerful form of Shakti.105 Known as Shyama Puja, this ritual takes place at midnight on the new moon. Devotees worship her as the destroyer of evil and the protector of the innocent, believing her fierce form vanquishes all darkness, both external and internal. One of the legends associated with her is her victory over the demon Raktabija, who could multiply from every drop of his blood that touched the ground. Kali defeated him by drinking his blood before it could fall.111

Other Observances

On this auspicious day, some devotees also observe Kedar Gauri Vrat, a fast dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati for marital bliss.112 It also marks

Kamala Jayanti, the appearance day of Goddess Kamala, one of the ten Mahavidyas and a form of Lakshmi associated with prosperity and fortune.113

The Celebrations Continue (21-23 October)

The festive spirit of Diwali does not end with Lakshmi Puja but continues for two more days, each with its own unique significance and charm.

  • Darsha Amavasya & Kartika Amavasya (21 October, Tuesday): The day after the main Diwali night is the new moon day of the Kartik month. This is known as Darsha Amavasya, a day considered highly potent for spiritual practices and for performing rituals like Pitru Tarpan to honour and seek blessings from one’s ancestors.114
  • Govardhan Puja & Annakut (22 October, Wednesday): This day commemorates Lord Krishna’s victory over the pride of Lord Indra, the king of the gods. As the story goes, the villagers of Vrindavan used to worship Indra for rain. The young Krishna convinced them to worship the Govardhan Hill instead, as it was the mountain that provided sustenance for their cattle and their livelihood. Enraged, Indra unleashed a torrential downpour to flood the village. To protect everyone, Krishna effortlessly lifted the entire Govardhan Hill on his little finger, and the villagers and their animals took shelter under it for seven days. Humbled, Indra finally begged for forgiveness.117 To celebrate this event, people make a small replica of the hill, often out of cow dung, and worship it. The main ritual is
    Annakut, meaning “a mountain of food.” A vast array of vegetarian dishes—traditionally 56 different items, known as Chappan Bhog—are prepared and arranged in a mound before the deity of Krishna as an offering of gratitude. This blessed food is then distributed to everyone.118
  • Bali Pratipada & Gujarati New Year (22 October, Wednesday): This day is also celebrated as Bali Pratipada, marking the day when the benevolent demon king Bali was granted a boon by Lord Vishnu (in his Vamana or dwarf avatar) to return to earth once a year to be worshipped by his people.120 For the Gujarati community, this day is celebrated as
    Bestu Varas, their New Year’s Day. Families visit temples, exchange festive greetings of “Saal Mubarak” (Happy New Year), and businessmen open their new account books, marking a fresh start.122 A playful tradition on this day is
    Dyuta Krida, or a ritual game of dice, played in remembrance of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, who are said to have played a game of dice on this day.121
  • Bhaiya Dooj & Yama Dwitiya (23 October, Thursday): The fifth and final day of Diwali, Bhaiya Dooj, celebrates the beautiful bond between brothers and sisters.127 The festival is also known as Yama Dwitiya. According to legend, on this day, Yama, the god of death, visited his sister, the river goddess Yamuna. She welcomed him with an
    aarti and applied a tilak on his forehead. Overjoyed by her love, Yama declared that any brother who receives a tilak from his sister on this day would be protected from untimely death and granted a long life.127 Following this tradition, sisters apply a
    tilak on their brothers’ foreheads, pray for their well-being, and share a festive meal. In return, brothers give their sisters gifts and promise to protect them always.127
  • Chitragupta Puja (23 October, Thursday): Coinciding with Bhai Dooj, this puja is especially important for the Kayastha community. It is dedicated to Lord Chitragupta, the divine record-keeper who assists Lord Yama by maintaining a complete account of the karma of every human being.130 On this day, pens, ink, and books are worshipped as symbols of knowledge, literacy, and accountability, and devotees pray for justice and a virtuous life.130
  • Chandra Darshan (23 October, Thursday): The evening of Bhaiya Dooj marks Chandra Darshan, the first sighting of the crescent moon after the dark new moon night of Diwali. This first glimpse of the new moon is considered very auspicious and symbolises a fresh start and new beginnings.133

This five-day journey of Diwali is a powerful narrative. It begins by respectfully acknowledging mortality with the Yama Deepam, confronting darkness on the new moon night with the light of Lakshmi Puja, celebrating new beginnings with Govardhan Puja and the New Year, and finally securing the blessing of longevity and protection from death with Bhai Dooj. It is a structured, ritualistic journey from acknowledging endings to celebrating and safeguarding new beginnings, reinforcing the life-affirming bonds of family and community along the way.

Part 5: The Closing Festivities of a Sacred Month

Even after the grand celebrations of Diwali, the sacred month of Kartik continues to unfold with a diverse array of festivals that honour various deities, saints, and traditions, bringing the spiritually charged month of October to a close.

  • Nagula Chavithi (25 October, Saturday): This festival is dedicated to the worship of Nagas, or serpent deities, and is especially popular in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.136 Serpents hold a sacred place in Hinduism, symbolising fertility, protection, and cosmic energy. On this day, women, in particular, observe fasts and offer prayers for the health and well-being of their children. A common ritual is to visit snake pits (
    putta or valmeeka), where they offer milk, turmeric, flowers, and sometimes eggs, seeking the blessings of the serpent gods.136
  • Vinayaka Chaturthi (25 October, Saturday): This is the monthly fast observed in honour of Lord Ganesha. It falls on the fourth day of the bright half of the lunar month (Shukla Paksha). Devotees fast to seek the blessings of Ganesha for wisdom, prosperity, and the removal of obstacles from their lives.140
  • Labh Panchami (26 October, Sunday): Known as the “fifth day of benefit,” Labh Panchami marks the final day of the Diwali festivities, particularly in Gujarat.142 It is considered a highly auspicious day to begin new business ventures or reopen shops after the Diwali holidays. Business owners perform a final puja on their account books, seeking blessings for a profitable and successful year ahead.142
  • Soora Samharam & Skanda Sashti (27 October, Monday): This is a major festival in Tamil Nadu, celebrating the divine victory of Lord Murugan (also known as Skanda or Kartikeya). The festival spans six days, known as Skanda Sashti, during which devotees observe rigorous fasts and offer continuous prayers.145 The sixth and final day is
    Soora Samharam, which commemorates the day Lord Murugan defeated the powerful demon Soorapadman, symbolising the ultimate triumph of good over evil. The epic battle is often dramatically re-enacted in Murugan temples, drawing huge crowds of devotees.145
  • Chhath Puja (Begins 27 October, Monday): One of the most ancient and rigorous Hindu festivals, Chhath Puja is a four-day celebration dedicated to the Sun God, Surya, and his sister, Chhathi Maiya, who is believed to bestow longevity and prosperity.150 The festival is most prominent in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and eastern Uttar Pradesh. The rituals are marked by their austerity and include holy bathing, a 36-hour-long fast (often without water), and making offerings (
    arghya) of fruits and traditional sweets to the setting and rising sun while standing in a river or other body of water.150
  • Jalaram Bapa Jayanti (29 October, Wednesday): This day celebrates the birth anniversary of Jalaram Bapa, a beloved Hindu saint from Virpur, Gujarat, who lived in the 19th century.153 He is revered for his simple life and his unwavering dedication to serving humanity, particularly through his
    sadavrat, a feeding centre that provided free food to all sadhus, pilgrims, and people in need, a tradition that continues to this day. On his Jayanti, devotees flock to his shrine in Virpur and other temples to pay their respects and partake in the community meal (prasad).154
  • Kartika Ashtahnika Begins (29 October, Wednesday): This marks the beginning of Ashtahnika, a significant eight-day period of observance in Jainism. Occurring three times a year, this period is considered highly auspicious for fasting, prayer, scripture reading, and other spiritual practices aimed at purifying karma.155
  • Gopashtami (30 October, Thursday): This festival celebrates Lord Krishna’s transition from a young child to a cowherd. Gopashtami commemorates the day when Krishna and his brother Balarama were first given the responsibility of herding the cows of Vrindavan.158 On this day, cows and calves are lovingly bathed, decorated with garlands and colourful clothes, and worshipped with special prayers and offerings. It is a festival that honours the sacredness of the cow and celebrates Krishna’s divine role as
    Gopala, the protector of cows.158
  • Masik Durgashtami (30 October, Thursday): This is the monthly observance of Durgashtami, which falls on the eighth day of the bright half of every lunar month. Devotees of Goddess Durga observe a fast and perform special prayers to seek her blessings of strength, protection, and prosperity.161
  • Akshaya Navami (31 October, Friday): The month concludes with another highly auspicious day, Akshaya Navami, the “imperishable ninth.” It is believed that the merit (punya) gained from any act of charity or devotion performed on this day is eternal and never diminishes.164 The day is also known as
    Satya Yugadi, as tradition holds that the first and most righteous of the four great cosmic ages, the Satya Yuga (Age of Truth), began on this day.139 Many people worship the Amla tree (Indian gooseberry), which is considered sacred to Lord Vishnu, earning the day the name
    Amla Navami.164 In West Bengal, this day also marks the beginning of
    Jagaddhatri Puja, a festival honouring Goddess Jagaddhatri, another powerful form of Durga, the “Upholder of the World”.168

Reflections on a Month of Light and Devotion

October 2025 offers a remarkable spiritual journey through the heart of Hindu culture. It begins with the fierce and triumphant energy of Navaratri and Dussehra, transitions into the serene and loving devotion of Sharad Purnima, and culminates in the radiant, all-encompassing celebration of Diwali. The month then gently winds down with the deep-rooted, diverse traditions of Kartik, from the austerity of Chhath Puja to the reverence for nature in Gopashtami.

Throughout these varied festivals, a few profound themes resonate continuously. We see the unwavering belief in the victory of righteousness, whether it is Rama defeating Ravana or Durga vanquishing Mahishasura. We are reminded of the importance of gratitude—for family bonds, for the tools of our livelihood, and for the bounties of nature that sustain us. Above all, these celebrations are a testament to the eternal human quest for light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and hope over despair. As millions of lamps are lit and prayers are offered, they illuminate not just homes and temples, but also a path of devotion, community, and enduring faith.

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